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=FINAL EXAM REVIEW SHEET=

**REVIEW SHEET FOR ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM 2010-2011**


 * NAME:** ___

All answers must be in your handwriting.

ex. Shivering when cold || (temp, light, number of students, noise) || Thermostat, amount of desks, light switch || Plants  insects  birds || 1. If plants decrease, insects decrease, and birds decrease 2. If insects decrease, plants increase, and birds decrease 3. If birds decrease, insects increase, and plants decrease ||
 * # What can cells in your body do?
 * 1) cell division?
 * 2) pass DNA to other cells?
 * 3) Use energy? ||   ||
 * 2. two function of cell membrane ||  ||
 * 3. two differences between plant and animal cells ||  ||
 * 4. What does salting meat do? What process is this? ||  ||
 * 5. Describe homeostasis and give 1 example. || State of balance
 * 6. How is homeostasis controlled in a classroom?
 * 7. In a food chain, what happens if plants are removed? Insects removed? Birds removed?
 * 8. What happens to cells in salt solutions? Which tonic is this? || They decrease--> Hypertonic ||
 * 9. Name 1 disease caused by the following organisms: Bacteria: step throat/ Virus: flue/ Fungi: Athletes foot/ Protozoan: Molaria

virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoan || Bacteria: step throat/ Virus: flue/ Fungi: Athletes foot/ Protozoan: Molaria || VIRUS || VIRUS || 2- Stirring || a. placed in water
 * 10. What causes the flu, herpes, poxes, AIDS?
 * 11. How does the earth show homeostasis? (think oil spill) || It throws everything out of balance like fishing because of the oil spill. ||
 * 12. Definition of diffusion || The spreading of something more widely from high concentration to low concentration. ||
 * 13. Example of diffusion || Perfume, Popcorn. ||
 * 14. Definition of osmosis || Water molecules to pass through a semipermeable membrane from high to low concentration. ||
 * 15. Example of osmosis || An egg put in different solutions potato in pure H2O + salt water ||
 * 16. Which way do diffusion and osmosis always flow || Diffusion flows from high to low concentration. Osmosis is the same. ||
 * 17. Why do osmosis and diffusion occur? || To reach an equilibrium of concentrated solute particle. ||
 * 18. We put food coloring in a beaker of water. What happens? || Color changes, gets balanced. ||
 * 19. Name 2 ways to speed diffusion up. || 1- Increase in temperature
 * 20. We put eggs in vinegar. What were we trying to do? || Expose the membrane of egg. ||
 * 21. What will happen to an egg without its shell if:

b. placed in salt water

c. placed in syrup || A. Increase in size.

B. Decrease in size.

C. Shrink. ||
 * 22. If lots of water enters a cell what could happen? (Regular word and science word) || Firm(turgid) or Burst(plasmoptysis). ||
 * 23. Name solutions for the following tonics:

a. hypertonic b. isotonic c. hypotonic || a. more on outside

b. equal

c. more in the inside || hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic cell getting bigger, cell shrinking, cell staying the same, cell at equilibrium, water going in and out equally, cell that has osmosis going on ||  || a. prokaryote- Single cell, no nucleus. b. eukaryote- 1+ cells has nucleus and other organelles. c. nucleus- Holds DNA. d. nuclear area- A region surrounding a cell's genetic information in prokaryotic cells. It is not surrounded by a membrane. e. bacteria- Single-cell prokaryotes, some can cause disease. f. human cell- Example of eukaryote. h. more advanced- Cell A i. has many organelles- Cell B j. has cell wall- Both k. has cell membrane- Both m. has cytoplasm and ribosomes- Both ||  || b. nuclear membrane- Encloses nucleus. c. cytoplasm- Jelly-like material in cell. d. ribosomes- Make proteins. e. mitochondria- Powerhouse. f. flagellum- A thin threadlike structure that allows many protozoa, bacteria, spermotazoa, etc., to swim. g. cell membrane- The semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell. h. smooth ER- A eukaryotic organelle that forms an interconnected network of tubules, vesicles, and cisternae inside cells. i. rough ER- Covered in ribosomes, makes cell products. j. chloroplast- Site of photosynthesis. k. cell wall- A thin layer of polysaccharides outside the plasma membrane of cells. l. vacuole- Storage. m. golgi- Packages and ships products in cell. n. nucleolus- A small, dense, round structure in the nucleus of a cell during interphase. o. cilia- A short, microscopic, hairlike vibrating structure inside of a cell. p. cytoskeleton- A microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells. || a. spontaneous generation b. abiogenesis c. biogenesis d. origin of species e. natural selection f. artificial selection || a. abiogenesis b. idea that living things come from non-living things c. living things have to come from other living things d. (Darwin's Book) Darwin's idea of natural selection based on variation and selection e.individuals with inherited characteristics best suited to their environment leave more offspring on average f.People chose to breed traits for their own purposes. || Redi- Jars of meat, covered 1/2 of them, saw flies in uncovered jars Pasteur- Swan- neck flask with broth vs straight neck flask, boiled each, found bacteria only in straight. Van Leeuwenhoek-First to look at bacterica under a microscope Darwin- (main points) survival of the fittest and theory of natural selection ||  || What is the first word? homo- genus Second word?//sapiens- species// ||  || Plantae, Monera, Fungi, Animalia?- kingdoms Arthropoda, Nematoda, Cnidria, Platyhelminthes?- phyla ||  || vestigial organs- it once had a purpose and now it does not homologous organs- they are similar analogous organs- corresponding in some particular ||  || No- different genus No- different species || retrovirus lytic virus lysogenic virus provirus || **Retrovirus**: contain RNA, make DNA copy from RNA ex: Aids Antibiotics Vaccine || **Antibiotics**: have an anti-Bacterial effect that either kill the bacteria in the symptom or keep them from reproducing. Antibiotics work on Bacteria.
 * 24. Most of the time your body cells are tonic || isotomic ||
 * 25. Look at the three cells. Label the following terms on the correct cell:
 * 26. define the following and label on cell A or cell B:
 * 27. define the following organelles: || a. nucleus- The "brain" of the cell.
 * 28. Define:
 * 29. Give key points about each scientist:
 * 30. //Homo sapiens//
 * 31. Are these kingdoms or phyla?
 * 32. Define and give an example:
 * 33. If you are in the same phylum, are you in the same kingdom? Same genus? Same species? || Yes-same phylum same kingdom
 * 34. Viruses must reproduce inside || host cell ||
 * 35. Define and give an example:
 * Lytic**: injects nucleic acid into host cell,reproduce,burst host cell ex: Polio
 * Lysogenic**: inject DNA into host, integrates it, dormant state, reproduce ex: HIV
 * Provirus**: viral DNA in host DNA ||
 * 36. Name the 2 parts of every virus || Protein coat and nucleic acid core ||
 * 37. What do the following do and who do they work on?


 * Vaccine:** gives your body a small amount of the disease/infection/virus. That is a small enough dose so that your immune system can learn how to fight it. ||
 * 38. Draw the shapes of bacteria:

coccus bacillus spirillum || coccus: circle shape bacillus: rod shaped spirillum: spiral shaped || capsule Petri dish Streptococcus || **capsule:** outer layer or covering. They get passed down **Through DNA from both Parents** ||  || dominant gene- **a gene that is fully expressed in the phenotype** recessive gene- **is only expressed when a dominate gene is not present** mutation- **a change in the DNA sequence.** ||  || viviparous- ovoviparous- oviparous- || viviparous-**bringing forth-living young rather then eggs** ovoviparous-**Animals produce eggs but instead of laying their eggs develop in the mother’s body** oviparous-**Lay eggs** egg: 23 chromosomes sperm: 23 chromosomes || heterozygous: different pairs of genes, recessive and dominant pure: two organisms crossing with same trait hybrid: the offspring of two animals & plants of different breeds phenotype: physical charateristics of an organism genotype: genetic makeup of organisms || b. autotroph, multicellular c. mushrooms d. unicellular, eukaryote, amoeba e. bacteria f. prokaryotes || b. enters through bare feet c. mollusk, tentacles, suckers d. rectal itching e. tentacles, nematocysts, stinging cells f. non-parasitic segmented worm g. attacks liver, “big belly” h. cross eyed worm ||
 * 39. If we overuse antibiotics, the bacteria may become: || may become resistant to it the antibiotic. ||
 * 40. Bacteria: Explain the following:
 * petri dish:** a shallow, circular, transparent dish with a flat lid, used for the cultureof microorganisms.
 * streptococcus:** a bacterium of a genus that includes the agents of souring of milk anddental decay, and hemolytic pathogens causing various infectionssuch as scarlet fever and pneumonia ||
 * 41. Are bacteria eukaryotes or prokaryotes? Why? || Bacteria are prokaryotic. Their cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells, do not possess a nuclear membrane, mitochondria, or chloroplasts. ||
 * 42. How do diseases get passed down genetically?
 * 43. Define:
 * 44. Sweating allows humans to keep their: **body temperature stable**. ||  ||
 * 45. Define and give an example of each:
 * Ex: Cows & Horses**
 * Ex: Sharks & Snakes**
 * Ex: Fish & birds** ||
 * 46. What is a vaccine and what is it designed to do? || **A prepared dead virus that helps improve immunity to a particular disease.** ||
 * 47. Put in order, smallest to biggest: protozoans, bacteria, viruses || **Viruses, bacteria, protozoans** ||
 * 48. How many chromosomes in a human foot cell? How many in an egg? Sperm? || human foot cell: 46
 * 49. Number of chromosomes in Down’s syndrome || 47 chromosomes ||
 * 50. How can 2 parents not show the recessive trait, yet one of their children shows the trait? || recessive trait shows less often then dominant trait which is always present, parents are carriers and give it to children. ||
 * 51. Define: homozygous, heterozygous, pure, hybrid, phenotype, genotype || homozygous: identical pairs of genes for any given pair
 * 52. Cross 2 carriers of a disease. What are the % of their children with and without the diseae? ||  ||
 * 52. Red is dominant to white. Cross homozygous red with homozygous red. Offspring % ||  ||
 * 53. Chromosomes of a normal male. Normal female. **THERE ARE 46 CHROMOSOMES FOR BOTH MALE AND FEMALE** ||  ||
 * 54. If the FBI needed your DNA, how could they obtain it? **FINGERPRINTS, HAIR, FOOTPRINTS, SKIN, NAILS, TEETH AND ANY** **PART OF BODY MADE OF CELLS.** ||  ||
 * 55. If a disease is sex-linked explain who gets it more often and why? ||  ||
 * 56. Why does DNA replicate? ||  ||
 * 57. Describe karyotype and why it would be used. ||  ||
 * 58. Define: mitosis, meiosis, fertilization, zygote, sexual reproduction, asexual reprodution ||  ||
 * 59. Define dominant gene, recessive gene, give letters. ||  ||
 * 60. What is a double helix? ||  ||
 * 61. Define biodiversity. ||  ||
 * 62. Why is biodiversity so important? ||  ||
 * 63. Why are there so many species of trees, birds or insects? ||  ||
 * 64. If we build home, malls, parking lots, what happens to biodiversity? ||  ||
 * 65. Name the kingdom (monera, protista, plantae, fungi, animalia) || a. heterotrophs, multicellular
 * 66. There are 7 taxons. Name them starting with the largest first. ||  ||
 * 67. Name 10 invertebrates. Make sure they are in different phyla. ||  ||
 * 68. Name animal. || a. filter feeds
 * 69. How do you use a dichotomous key? ||  ||
 * 70. Define the following terms: ||  ||
 * Hermaphroditic ||  ||
 * IPMAT ||  ||
 * Dioecious ||  ||
 * Cephalization ||  ||
 * Exoskeleton ||  ||
 * Water vascular system ||  ||
 * Sessile ||  ||
 * Parasite ||  ||
 * Free living ||  ||
 * Segmented ||  ||
 * Symmetry ||  ||
 * Molting ||  ||
 * Heterozygous ||  ||
 * Homozygous ||  ||